Clinical Cases in Neurology - Hardcoverby Foster Jones (Editor) Neurology refers to a medical specialty that focuses on the diagnosis, treatment and management of diseases and disorders that affect the nervous system, which comprises the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and muscles. Some common diseases and conditions which are treated under this field are stroke, epilepsy and multiple sclerosis. Stroke occurs when the blood supply to the brain is disrupted, leading to brain cell damage.