strengthened norman shieldThis type of shield is based on originals depicted in the Bayeux Tapestry (1066), the Codex Aureus Epternacensis (early 11th century), and the chronicle Liber ad honorem Augusti sive de rebus Siculis (1196). Shields like this were likely introduced by the Normans and, after the First Crusade, were used by Christian, Byzantine, and some Islamic armies. The shield offered excellent protection and was used by both cavalry and infantry. During long